Al‐Saggaf, Yeslam, and Mohamed M. Begg. "Online communities versus offline communities in the Arab/Muslim world." Journal of Information, Communication and Ethics in Society 2.1 (2004): 41-54.

This ethnographic study conducted in Saudi Arabia during 2001-2002 explores the impact of online communities on Saudi society. It reveals that while online interactions largely adhere to cultural norms, the anonymity and lack of social cues on the internet have led to significant social shifts. Participants showed increased open-mindedness, gender interaction, and self-confidence, but also experienced diminished family engagement, reduced shyness, and some cultural and religious confusion.