Bryson, John M., and Barbara C. Crosby. "Policy planning and the design and use of forums, arenas, and courts." Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design 20.2 (1993): 175-194.

In shared-power settings, planners may not significantly impact direct actions or foundational social structures. However, they can influence the ideas, rules, modes, media, and methods that connect actions and structures. These connections profoundly affect which decisions, issues, conflicts, and policies are discussed and resolved. Shared-power settings typically consist of forums for discussion, arenas for decisions, and courts for conflict management and norm enforcement. Policy planning, therefore, involves the intentional design and utilization of these elements to achieve desired policy outcomes.