The article challenges the common perception of professional emergency responders as the primary first responders, highlighting the critical role local citizens play in initial rescue and aid efforts until formal help arrives. It discusses how citizens continue to offer support through various means even after professional efforts begin. With the advent of the Internet, online forums have become vital tools for transcending geographical limitations, enabling the formation of virtual communities that coordinate citizen-led responses to crises. Examples include the online forums that emerged in response to Hurricane Katrina, the San Bernardino wildfires, and preparations for an avian flu pandemic, demonstrating the power of digital platforms to facilitate grassroots social action.
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Palen, Leysia, Starr Roxanne Hiltz, and Sophia B. Liu. "Online forums supporting grassroots participation in emergency preparedness and response." Communications of the ACM 50.3 (2007): 54-58.
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