This paper revisits the structure of organized cybercrime using data from online underground markets, analyzing how uncertainty is mitigated in cybercriminal transactions. Drawing on theories from social psychology, organized crime, and transaction cost economics, the study focuses on two key uncertainties: merchandise quality and trader identity. Findings reveal that carding forums provide a hybrid organizational structure that minimizes transaction costs and facilitates a competitive underground market, offering insights for examining other online applications related to the underground economy.
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Yip, Michael, Craig Webber, and Nigel Shadbolt. "Trust among cybercriminals? Carding forums, uncertainty and implications for policing." Policing cybercrime. Routledge, 2017. 108-131.
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