Bettoni, Marco C., Silvio Andenmatten, and Ronny Mathieu. "Knowledge cooperation in online communities: A duality of participation and cultivation." Electronic Journal of Knowledge Management 5.1 (2007): pp1-6.

This paper proposes the concept of "knowledge cooperation" as a means to engage in community-oriented knowledge management effectively. It emphasizes the need to balance, distinguish, and negotiate between individual and social dimensions of knowledge. Knowledge cooperation is defined as the participative cultivation of knowledge within voluntary, informal social groups. The paper outlines its constitutive elements and explains the dynamics of knowledge cooperation through two interrelated learning loops: participation and cultivation. It argues that this dual approach facilitates a deeper understanding of knowledge processes within online communities and guides the design of vibrant communities where the act of cultivating knowledge and participating in its cultivation reinforce each other.