Ivan, Loredana. "Using netnography to research older adults’ online communities." Ageing and digital technology: Designing and evaluating emerging technologies for older adults (2019): 133-150.

This chapter delves into the application of netnography, a form of ethnographic research tailored for the internet, to study online communities of older adults. It highlights how netnography helps in understanding the usage, communication patterns, social influence, and coordination within these communities. Through a narrative literature review, the chapter outlines the types of netnography used, the methodologies employed, researcher involvement, and the ethical considerations observed in studying older adults' online communities. The findings suggest that netnography is predominantly used in leisure studies concerning older adults and to a lesser extent in digital technology research, with most studies adopting an observational approach where researchers act as "lurkers." The chapter underscores the minimal ethical concerns raised in these studies and advocates for netnography's significant role in uncovering the adoption, usage, and significance of new communication technologies by older adults.