Prockl, Franziska, and Bernd Frick. "Information precision in online communities: player valuations on www. transfermarkt. de." International Journal of Sport Finance 13.4 (2018): 319-335.

This paper investigates the concept of crowd wisdom or swarm intelligence and its application to professional team sports leagues, with a focus on how collective intelligence emerges and is utilized on the platform transfermarkt.de. The study spans a decade, analyzing the patterns of information emergence and diffusion on the platform, drawing parallels to the model proposed by Bass in 1969. Additionally, by comparing player values and salaries in Major League Soccer from 2006 to 2015, the research demonstrates that the collective estimates on transfermarkt.de serve as accurate proxies for the privately held salary data. This discovery underscores the value of crowd-sourced platforms in providing reliable data for research purposes in contexts where direct information is inaccessible.